Expression of DE genes

Started: 2020-09-10
Last edited: 2020-11-23 12:38:30

library(tidyverse)

# single cell
library(Seurat)

# plotting
library(patchwork)
library(ggthemes)

1 Background

Alice had performed bulk-RNA seq on the placenta sample from COVID-19 positive mothers and control placentas and has a list of genes that were differentially expressed. Here we will use the single-cell RNA seq data to figure out in which cell types those DE genes are expressed.

2 Data

I have already annotated the clusters. The annotated data (a seurat object) was saved as .rds, which we have to read.

seur <- readRDS("../results/02_annotation/seurat-object_annotated.rds")

# set active assay
DefaultAssay(seur) <- "SCT"

# set levels for idents (use merged_annotations)
seur@meta.data$annotation_merged <- factor(seur@meta.data$annotation_merged,
                                           levels = sort(unique(seur@meta.data$annotation_merged)))

# set idents
Idents(seur) <- seur@meta.data$annotation_merged

3 DE genes

Below are the DE genes sent by Alice.

genes <- list()

genes$focused <- c("HSPA1A", "PPP1R11", "LY6GLY6C", "ITGAX", "IFITM1", "C1QC", "CCL2", "OAS3", "MX1")
genes$analysis1 <- c("HSPA1A", "FMC1-LUC7L2", "HSPA1B", "AC011511.4", "PPP1R11", "AL139300.1", "LY6GLY6C")
genes$analysis2 <- c("ITGAX", "OAS3", "IFITM1", "MX1", "C1QC", "MX2", "CCL2")
genes$additional <- c("C1QTNF2", "LYVE1", "TREM1", "FOLR2", "C1QB", "CCL2", "TNFRSF10C", "CXCL9", "IL1R2", "IL36A", "CD28", "OAS1", "IL1RN", "CD36", "CXCR2",   "SERPING1", "CXCR1", "TNFRSF10C", "C1QA", "HCST", "IL36A", "IL4R", "LY96", "IL1R2", "CXCR2", "CXCL2", "S100A7", "IFITM3", "SELENOM", "SELENOP", "C3AR1", "CCL2", "CCL8")
genes$entry <- c("ACE2", "TMPRSS2", "BSG", "DPP4", "CTSL", "CTSB", "FURIN")
genes$new <- c("FCGRT", "GPX1", "GPX3", "GPX4", "DIO3", "TXNRD1", "TXNRD2", "TXNRD3")

all.genes <- c(genes$focused, genes$analysis1, genes$analysis2, genes$additional, genes$entry, genes$new) %>% 
  unique() %>% 
  sort()

4 Plots

4.1 Dotplot for all genes

# dotplot function
DotPlot2 <- function(object = seur, assay = "SCT", features, title = "", ...) {
  p <- DotPlot(object, 
               assay = assay,
               features = features, 
               dot.scale = 4, 
               dot.min = 0.01,
               ...) +
    coord_flip() +
    labs(caption = paste0("sctransform normalized expression"), title = title) +
    theme_minimal() +
    theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 90, vjust = 0.5, hjust = 1),
          panel.grid.minor = element_blank(),
          panel.grid.major = element_line(size = 0.1),
          legend.key.size = unit(0.75, "line"))
  
  return(p)
}

DotPlot2(features = all.genes)

The following requested variables were not found: AC011511.4, AL139300.1, FMC1-LUC7L2, GPX1, LY6GLY6C

cowplot::ggsave2(last_plot(), 
                 filename = "../results/03_candidate-genes/plots/dotplot_all-genes.pdf", 
                 width = 6.5, height = 8.5, units = "in")

4.2 Individual genes

# violin function
VlnPlot2 <- function(object = seur, assay = "SCT", feature, ...) {
  p <- VlnPlot(object = object, 
               features = feature, 
               assay = assay, 
               same.y.lims = FALSE,
               split.by = "covid", 
               split.plot = TRUE,
               pt.size = 0,
               ...) + 
    coord_cartesian(clip = "off") +
    theme_classic() +
    theme(
      plot.title = element_text(size = 7, colour = "black"),
      panel.grid.minor = element_blank(),
      panel.grid.major = element_line(size = 0.2),
      axis.line = element_line(size = 0.25),
      axis.ticks = element_line(size = 0.25),
      axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 90, hjust = 1, vjust = 0.5, 
                                 size = 6, color = "black"),
      axis.title.x = element_blank(),
      axis.title.y = element_text(size = 6, color = "black"),
      axis.text.y = element_text(size = 6, color = "black"),
      legend.key.size = unit(0.50, "lines"),
      legend.position = c(1, 1),
      legend.direction = "horizontal",
      legend.justification = c(1, 0),
      legend.text = element_text(size = 6, colour = "black")
    )
  
  p$layers[[1]]$aes_params$size = 0.25 # violin stroke
  
  return(p)
}

# umap function
FeaturePlot2 <- function(object = seur, feature, ...) {
  DefaultAssay(object) <- "SCT"
  FeaturePlot(object, 
              feature = feature, 
              split.by = "covid",
              pt.size = 0.1, 
              order = TRUE, 
              min.cutoff = "q10", 
              combine = TRUE,
              ...) &
    plot_annotation(title = feature) &
    theme_bw() +
    theme(panel.grid.major = element_line(size = 0.25),
          panel.grid.minor = element_blank(),
          legend.key.size = unit(0.50, "line"),
          legend.text = element_text(size = 6, angle = 90, hjust = 1),
          legend.position = "bottom",
          axis.title = element_text(size = 6),
          plot.title = element_text(size = 7),
          axis.title.y.right = element_blank(),
          axis.text = element_blank(),
          aspect.ratio = 1)
}

for(i in all.genes[all.genes %in% rownames(seur)]) {
  vplot <- VlnPlot2(feature = i)
  fplot <- FeaturePlot2(feature = i, max.cutoff = "q99")
  
  cowplot::ggsave2(vplot, 
                   filename = paste0("../results/03_candidate-genes/plots/", i, "_violinplot.pdf"),
                   width = 3.5, height = 2, units = "in")
  
  cowplot::ggsave2(fplot, 
                   filename = paste0("../results/03_candidate-genes/plots/", i, "_on-umap.png"),
                   width = 3.5, height = 2.5, units = "in")
  
  vf <- vplot + fplot + 
  plot_layout(ncol = 1, widths = c(1, 0.5))
  print(vf)
}

For some genes, the umap plots and violin plots seem to disagree with each other. That is, the gene is expressed at higher level in “covid” than “control” according to the violin plot, but the colours appear stronger for “control” on umap plots. I think this is simply because of the differing number of cells from “control” and “covid”. We have fewer cells from “covid” samples (as is evident also on the umap plots), so the lightness or sparseness of blue on umap plots just reflect that. Violin plots on the other hand scale the width of violins to the total number of cells in each group, so this difference is not seen in violin plots.

5 Split dotplots

## data -----------------------------------------------------------------------
celltypes <- unique(seur$annotation_merged) %>% sort()
de.genes <- list()
for(i in celltypes){
  de.genes[[i]] <- read.csv(
    paste0("../results/04_de-genes-by-celltype/logfc_0.40/de/files/de-genes_", i, ".csv")
  )
  de.genes[[i]] <- dplyr::rename(de.genes[[i]], "gene" = "X")
  de.genes[[i]]$celltype <- i
}

## create celltype_covid ident to use for seurat dotplot ----------------------
seur$celltype_covid <- paste0(seur$annotation_merged, "_", seur$covid)

## theme for DE genes faceted dotplot -----------------------------------------
theme_dotplot <- theme(
  plot.margin = margin(5.5, 5.5, 1, 5.5),
  panel.background = element_blank(),
  text = element_text(color = "Black"),
  panel.grid = element_blank(),
  panel.border = element_rect(fill = NA, size = 0.25, color = "grey"),
  axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 90, hjust = 1, vjust = 0.5, size = 5, color = "Black"),
  axis.text.y = element_text(size = 5, color = "Black"),
  axis.title = element_blank(),
  axis.ticks = element_line(size = 0.25, color = "grey"),
  strip.text.x = element_text(angle = 90, hjust = 0, vjust = 0.5, 
                              size = 5.25, color = "Black"),
  strip.background = element_blank(),
  legend.title = element_text(size = 5.25),
  legend.position = "bottom",
  legend.direction = "horizontal",
  legend.box = "horizontal",
  legend.background = element_blank(),
  legend.box.spacing = unit(0.5, "lines"),
  legend.title.align = 0,
  legend.text = element_text(size = 5),
  legend.key.size = unit(0.5, "lines"),
  legend.key = element_blank(),
  panel.spacing.x = unit(0, "lines")
)

## dotplot function -----------------------------------------------------------
plot_splitdot <- function(object, features, exclude.celltypes = c()) {
  
  # idents combined for celltype and covid
  Idents(object) <- object$celltype_covid
  
  # run seurat's dotplot
  p <- Seurat::DotPlot(
    object = object, 
    assay = "SCT", 
    features = features
    )
  
  # extract plotting data
  p.dat <- p$data
  p.dat$celltype <- gsub(p.dat$id, pattern = "(.+)_([a-z]{5})", replacement = "\\1")
  p.dat$covid <- gsub(p.dat$id, pattern = "(.+)_([a-z]{5})", replacement = "\\2")
  
  # subset for celltypes of interest
  p.sub <- p.dat[!(p.dat$celltype %in% exclude.celltypes), ]
  
  # redo scaling for selected celltype_covid idents
  p.wide <- pivot_wider(p.sub,
                        id_cols = features.plot, 
                        names_from = id, 
                        values_from = avg.exp) %>% 
    as.data.frame()
  
  rownames(p.wide) <- p.wide$features.plot
  p.wide$features.plot <- NULL
  p.scaled <- t(p.wide) %>% 
    scale(center = TRUE, scale = TRUE) %>% 
    t() %>% 
    as.data.frame()
  p.scaled$features.plot <- rownames(p.scaled)
  
  # melt rescaled avg.exp
  p.scaled.long <- pivot_longer(
    data = p.scaled, 
    cols = names(p.scaled)[names(p.scaled) != "features.plot"], 
    names_to = "id", 
    values_to = "scaled.new")
  
  # cap min and max scaled value; same as col.min and col.max in Seurat::DotPlot
  p.scaled.long$scaled.new[p.scaled.long$scaled.new >  2.5] <-  2.5
  p.scaled.long$scaled.new[p.scaled.long$scaled.new < -2.5] <- -2.5
  
  # join with p.dat to get pct.exp and scaled.new in the same df
  plot.dat <- dplyr::inner_join(x = p.dat, 
                                y = p.scaled.long, 
                                by = c("features.plot", "id"))
  
  # clustering for ordering
  cdat <- pivot_wider(data =  plot.dat, id_cols = "features.plot", 
                      names_from = id,
                      values_from = scaled.new) %>% 
    as.data.frame()

  rownames(cdat) <- cdat$features.plot
  cdat$features.plot <- NULL
  cor.matrix <- cor(t(cdat))
  
  # reorder correlation matrix based on clustering
  dd <- as.dist((1 - cor.matrix))
  hc <- hclust(dd, method = 'complete')
  cdat  <- cdat[hc$order, ]

  # reorder factor levels based on clustering
  plot.dat$features.plot <- factor(plot.dat$features.plot, 
                                   levels = rownames(cdat))
  
  # prepare annotation data (hpline for DE genes)
  de.ann <- de.genes
  de.ann <- do.call(rbind, de.ann)
  de.ann <- subset(de.ann, 
                   gene %in% plot.dat$features.plot &
                     celltype %in% plot.dat$celltype
  )
  de.ann$diff.exp <- de.ann$p_val_adj < 0.05
  de.ann$diff.exp <- tolower(as.character(de.ann$diff.exp))
  
  # plot
  q <- ggplot(data = plot.dat, 
              aes(x = covid, y = features.plot)) +
    geom_point(aes(fill = scaled.new, size = pct.exp), 
               shape = 21, stroke = 0, 
               color = "White") +
    scale_fill_gradient(low = "White", 
                        high = "#d94801", 
                        name = "avg. exp. (scaled)",
                        guide = guide_colorbar(
                          title.position = "top", 
                          title.hjust = 0.5, 
                          ticks.colour = "black"
                        )
    ) +
    scale_x_discrete(breaks = c("cntrl", "covid"), 
                     labels = c("ctrl", "COVID")) +
    scale_size_area(max_size = 2.5,
                    name = "% cells with exp.",
                    guide = guide_legend(
                      override.aes = list(
                        color = "White", 
                        fill = "Grey30"
                      ),
                      title.position = "top", title.hjust = 0.5
                    )
    ) +
    facet_grid(. ~ celltype) +
    ungeviz::geom_hpline(data = de.ann,
                         aes(y = gene, x = 1.5, color = diff.exp),
                         size = 0.30, width = 1, lineend = "butt") +
    scale_color_manual(breaks = "true",
                       labels = "< 0.05",
                       values = "Black",
                       name = "DE adj.p",
                       guide = guide_legend(title.position = "top",
                                            title.hjust = 0.5)) +
    theme_dotplot
  
  return(q)
  
}

# plot new gene list
splitdot1 <- plot_splitdot(
  object = seur, 
  features = genes$new
)

The following requested variables were not found: GPX1

cowplot::ggsave2(
  splitdot1,
  filename = "../results/03_candidate-genes/plots/splitdot_set1.pdf",
  width = 3.75, height = 2, units = "in"
)

splitdot1

6 Mean expression for all genes

avg <- AverageExpression(seur, assays = "SCT") %>% .$SCT

Finished averaging SCT for cluster dec.APC
Finished averaging SCT for cluster dec.Bcells
Finished averaging SCT for cluster dec.DSC
Finished averaging SCT for cluster dec.Endo
Finished averaging SCT for cluster dec.FB
Finished averaging SCT for cluster dec.Gran
Finished averaging SCT for cluster dec.Mono_1
Finished averaging SCT for cluster dec.Mono_2
Finished averaging SCT for cluster dec.NK_1
Finished averaging SCT for cluster dec.NK_2
Finished averaging SCT for cluster dec.NK_3
Finished averaging SCT for cluster dec.SMC
Finished averaging SCT for cluster dec.Tcell_1
Finished averaging SCT for cluster dec.Tcell_2
Finished averaging SCT for cluster dec.Tcell_3
Finished averaging SCT for cluster vil.Ery
Finished averaging SCT for cluster vil.EVT
Finished averaging SCT for cluster vil.FB
Finished averaging SCT for cluster vil.Hofb
Finished averaging SCT for cluster vil.SCT
Finished averaging SCT for cluster vil.VCT

avg$gene_name <- rownames(avg)
avg <- relocate(avg, gene_name)

write.csv(avg, "../results/03_candidate-genes/mean-expression_assay-sct_slot-data.csv", row.names = FALSE)

7 Session Info

```r
sessionInfo()

<!-- rnb-source-end -->

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R version 4.0.2 (2020-06-22) Platform: x86_64-apple-darwin17.0 (64-bit) Running under: macOS Mojave 10.14.6

Matrix products: default BLAS: /System/Library/Frameworks/Accelerate.framework/Versions/A/Frameworks/vecLib.framework/Versions/A/libBLAS.dylib LAPACK: /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.0/Resources/lib/libRlapack.dylib

locale: [1] en_US.UTF-8/en_US.UTF-8/en_US.UTF-8/C/en_US.UTF-8/en_US.UTF-8

attached base packages: [1] stats graphics grDevices utils datasets methods base

other attached packages: [1] ggthemes_4.2.0 patchwork_1.0.1 Seurat_3.2.2 forcats_0.5.0 stringr_1.4.0 dplyr_1.0.2 purrr_0.3.4
[8] readr_1.3.1 tidyr_1.1.2 tibble_3.0.4 ggplot2_3.3.2 tidyverse_1.3.0

loaded via a namespace (and not attached): [1] Rtsne_0.15 colorspace_2.0-0 deldir_0.1-28 ellipsis_0.3.1
[5] ggridges_0.5.2 fs_1.5.0 spatstat.data_1.4-3 rstudioapi_0.12
[9] farver_2.0.3 leiden_0.3.3 listenv_0.8.0 ggrepel_0.8.2
[13] fansi_0.4.1 lubridate_1.7.9 xml2_1.3.2 codetools_0.2-16
[17] splines_4.0.2 knitr_1.30 polyclip_1.10-0 jsonlite_1.7.1
[21] broom_0.7.0 ica_1.0-2 cluster_2.1.0 dbplyr_1.4.4
[25] png_0.1-7 uwot_0.1.8 sctransform_0.3.1.9002 shiny_1.5.0
[29] compiler_4.0.2 httr_1.4.2 backports_1.2.0 assertthat_0.2.1
[33] Matrix_1.2-18 fastmap_1.0.1 lazyeval_0.2.2 cli_2.1.0
[37] later_1.1.0.1 htmltools_0.5.0 tools_4.0.2 rsvd_1.0.3
[41] igraph_1.2.5 gtable_0.3.0 glue_1.4.2 reshape2_1.4.4
[45] RANN_2.6.1 spatstat_1.64-1 Rcpp_1.0.5 cellranger_1.1.0
[49] vctrs_0.3.4 nlme_3.1-149 lmtest_0.9-38 xfun_0.19
[53] globals_0.13.1 rvest_0.3.6 mime_0.9 miniUI_0.1.1.1
[57] lifecycle_0.2.0 irlba_2.3.3 goftest_1.2-2 future_1.20.1
[61] MASS_7.3-52 zoo_1.8-8 scales_1.1.1 spatstat.utils_1.17-0 [65] hms_0.5.3 promises_1.1.1 parallel_4.0.2 RColorBrewer_1.1-2
[69] yaml_2.2.1 gridExtra_2.3 reticulate_1.16 pbapply_1.4-3
[73] rpart_4.1-15 stringi_1.5.3 rlang_0.4.8 pkgconfig_2.0.3
[77] matrixStats_0.57.0 evaluate_0.14 lattice_0.20-41 tensor_1.5
[81] ROCR_1.0-11 labeling_0.4.2 htmlwidgets_1.5.1 cowplot_1.1.0
[85] tidyselect_1.1.0 parallelly_1.21.0 RcppAnnoy_0.0.16 plyr_1.8.6
[89] magrittr_1.5 R6_2.5.0 generics_0.0.2 DBI_1.1.0
[93] mgcv_1.8-31 pillar_1.4.6 haven_2.3.1 withr_2.3.0
[97] fitdistrplus_1.1-1 abind_1.4-5 survival_3.2-3 future.apply_1.6.0
[101] modelr_0.1.8 crayon_1.3.4 KernSmooth_2.23-17 plotly_4.9.2.1
[105] rmarkdown_2.3 grid_4.0.2 readxl_1.3.1 data.table_1.13.0
[109] blob_1.2.1 reprex_0.3.0 digest_0.6.27 xtable_1.8-4
[113] httpuv_1.5.4 munsell_0.5.0 viridisLite_0.3.0
```